第71章 人生的回归是种无人能够违抗的自然规律（5）
《文学与人生》章节:第71章 人生的回归是种无人能够违抗的自然规律（5）,宠文网网友提供全文无弹窗免费在线阅读。!
1.5 Questions for Revision and Discussion
（1）为什么海明威获得了1954年诺贝尔文学奖？
（1）Why did Hemingway win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954？
（2）你如何看待海明威的人生？（或：论海明威的人生）
（2）How do you think of Hemingway’s life？ (or： On Hemingway’s Life)
（3）为什么说《老人与海》足以成为海明威在文学事业上取得辉煌业绩的一部杰作？
（3）Why is it said that The Old Man and the Sea may well be the book in which ErnestHemingway achieved the finest“success”of his career？
（4）结合《老人与海》这本书的写作手法，探讨海明威的“冰山”写作原则。
（4）Discuss Hemingway’s“iceberg”principle of writing in relation to The Old Man and theSea.
（5)《老人与海》的主题是什么？（或：论《老人与海》的主题）
（5）What are the themes of The Old Man and the Sea？ (or： On the Themes of The Old Man andthe Sea)
（6）在《老人与海》这部小说中，海起着什么作用？
（6）What is the role of the sea in The Old Man and the Sea？
（7）为什么桑提亚哥与自然界之间的那种紧密相连的关系是《老人与海》这部小说力量的实质所在？
（7）Why is the close relationship between Santiago and the non-human world essential to thepower of The Old Man and the Sea？
（8）你如何看待桑提亚哥的人生？（或：论桑提亚哥的人生）
（8）How do you think of Santiago’s life？ (or： On Santiago’s Life)
（9）为什么说桑提亚哥这个人物本身就是一种赞颂人的精神的诗歌？
（9）Why is it said that Santiago himself is a poetry of the human spirit？
（10）桑提亚哥被许多读者认为是个悲剧人物，因为他那坚定不移的意志，也可以说是自负，最终导致他一败涂地。讨论一下，自负对于处在贫困窘迫环境中的桑提亚哥产生了什么影响？
（10）Santiago is considered by many readers to be a tragic hero， in that his greatest strength—hispride—lends to his eventual downfall. Discuss the role of pride in Santiago’s plight.
（11）第一条鲨鱼袭来时，老人曾说过，“一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。”小说结尾时，老人是否被打败？原因何在？
（11)“A man can be destroyed but not defeated，”says the old man after the first shark attack. Atthe end of the story， is the old man defeated？ Why or why not？
（12）马诺林在桑提亚哥的人生中起什么作用？他能代表老人死后生命的延续吗？为什么？
（12）What roles can Manuolin play in Santiago’s life？ Can he represent the life that will followfrom the old man’s death？ Why or why not？
（13）在海滩上嬉戏的狮子，对桑提亚哥具有什么意义？
（13）What significance do the lions on the beach have for the old man？
（14）在《老人与海》中用了哪些象征？这些象征对小说的主题有什么影响？
（14）What symbols are used in The Old Man and the Sea？ What effects have the symbols had onthe themes of the novel？
（15）既然桑提亚哥认为自己不信教，为什么他在与大马林鱼搏斗过程中似乎越来越像基督教徒？
（15）Since Santiago doesn’t consider himself a religious man， why does he begin to seem moreand more Christ-like during his struggle with the marlin？
（16）《老人与海》是如何例证海明威“准则”的？
（16）How does The Old Man and the Sea exemplify the“Hemingway Code”？
文学常识
Section Three Common Sense in Literature
海明威的写作风格——众所周知是闻名的冰山理论，其特点是语言简洁、陈述有所保留。这种写作风格影响了20世纪小说的创作，正如他的人生冒险经历和所展现的文坛硬汉形象。1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中提出着名的“冰山原则”。他以“冰山”为喻，认为作者只应描写“冰山”露出水面的部分，水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者通过想象补充。他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”文学作品中，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。
Hemingway’s distinctive writing style—known as the iceberg theory—characterized by economy andunderstatement， influenced 20th-century fiction， as did his apparent life of adventure and the public imagehe cultivate. In Death in the Afternoon， Ernest Hemingway said，“If a writer of prose knows enough of whathe is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader， if the writer is writing truly enough， willhave a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement ofan ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does notknow them only makes hollow places in his writing.”